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Midnight Madness (film)

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Midnight Madness

Poster for Midnight Madness
Directed by Michael Nankin
David Wechter
Produced by Ron W. Miller
Written by Michael Nankin
David Wechter
Starring David Naughton
Michael J. Fox
Stephen Furst
Maggie Roswell
Music by Julius Wechter
Cinematography Frank V. Phillips
Editing by Norman R. Palmer
Jack Sekely
Studio Walt Disney Productions
Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Co. Inc.
Release date(s) February 8, 1980
Running time 112 min
Country United States
Language English

Midnight Madness is a 1980 comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and starring David Naughton, Stephen Furst and Maggie Roswell. The film is about a group of college students who participate in an all night puzzle solving race. It is Michael J. Fox's film debut.

Contents

[hide]
  • 1 Synopsis
    • 1.1 Teams
  • 2 Production notes
  • 3 Release and reception
  • 4 Legacy
    • 4.1 In popular culture
  • 5 See also
  • 6 External links

[edit] Synopsis

Leon (Alan Solomon), a genius, summons five college students to his apartment and challenges them to participate in his latest game creation: The Great All-Nighter. He tells them about his game and instructs them to form teams. At first, the leaders refuse to play. However, rivalries between them lead all five to change their minds by the game's start time.

The game works like this:

  1. Teams are given an initial clue to solve.
  2. When the clue is solved, it will lead to a location.
  3. At that location they must find and solve another clue leading to another location and eventually the end.

Leon, as "game master," keeps track of the teams locations with a giant map, and various radio equipment. The teams are supposed to call and check in at each clue (though many of the teams end up skipping at least one location).

Starting at sundown, the five teams meet and are given envelopes with the first clue. They travel around Los Angeles, deciphering new clues in various locations, including the Griffith Observatory, a piano museum, the Pabst Blue Ribbon brewery, a restaurant, a mini golf course, the Los Angeles International Airport, and a video arcade. The first team to reach the final destination, a room in the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, wins the game.

The movie focuses mainly on the struggle between the yellow and blue teams. The adventures of the other three teams are subplots, as well as the situation at Leon's apartment ("Game Control"). Here, along with his female assistants (Candy and Sunshine), Leon monitors the progress of the game. Already unpopular with his landlady, Mrs. Grimhaus, for the amount of noise he makes, Leon faces eviction if any of the other tenants complain. Several of them do show up to complain, but as Leon explains the mechanics of the game to them, they become fascinated with it and help run it, much to the annoyance of Grimhaus.

The game culminates in a race-to-the-finish at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, followed by a huge party.

[edit] Teams

Teams are made up of characters who are broad stereotypes. They wear matching sweatshirts, and ride in vehicles that also match their team color.

  • The members of the Yellow Team are all friendly, and kind; they play fair and are the main heroes of the film. The yellow team are led by the protagonist Adam (Naughton). The Yellow team picks up an additional member, Adam's troubled younger brother Scott (Michael J. Fox), partway through the game, who acts out to get Adam's attention. They also force the shy Flynch (Joel Kenney), whom Adam has been counseling, to play the game rather than allow him to go on a date with an ugly girl. Also on the team are Laura (Debra Clinger), Adam's love interest, and Marvin (David Damas), another friend of Adam's. The team vehicle, owned by Marvin, is often referred to as a Jeep[citation needed]; it is actually a Toyota Land Cruiser.
  • The members of the Blue Team are all selfish, rude, and unattractive individuals who cheat at every opportunity. They are led by overweight snob Harold (Stephen Furst), who is intensely jealous of the popular Adam. Melio (played by future Hollywood director Andy Tennant) purposely instigates fights between Harold and his girlfriend, Lucille, who puts Harold on a diet just before the game starts. "Blade," a Mexican-American who is constantly brandishing his switchblade knife, never speaks. An additional member, Barf (Brian Frishman), is apparently mentally challenged. The team vehicle is a van equipped with a computer that can solve clues, however this device is destroyed early on when Harold hides a stash of marshmallows in the circuitry.
  • The Green Team, also known as the "Meat Machine," is made up of jocks from the school's football team. They are led by Lavitas (Brad Wilkin); Dirk Blocker is also on the team. Their antagonism leads both the Red and White teams into playing. The team vehicle is a Volkswagen Beetle named the "Meat Wagon."
  • The White Team is made up of debate team nerds, led by Wesley (played by Eddie Deezen). The White Team rides matching Puch mopeds which they eventually share with the Red team after their vehicle is destroyed.
  • The Red Team is made up of four members of an unpopular sorority led by Donna, played by Maggie Roswell. Two of the members are a set of frequently giggling, overweight twins (many of the jokes involving the red team come at their expense) and the other two are feminists. The Red team's vehicle is a pickup truck which is eventually destroyed by the Green team.

[edit] Production notes

Paul Reubens (better known as Pee-Wee Herman) has a small part as the "Pinball Proprietor."

The Star Fire game in the video arcade that provides the clue to the final destination was an actual arcade game of the period. The game play was real; however a special open cabinet for a standing player had been created for the movie, since the real game cabinet was an enclosed cockpit in which the player was seated.

The movie was novelized in a 1980 paperback, Midnight Madness, by Tom Wright (Ace, 1980) ISBN 0-441-52985-2

[edit] Release and reception

Midnight Madness was rated PG—only the second film from the Disney company to receive anything other than a "G" (the first was The Black Hole). Though produced by Disney, the company's name did not appear on the credits.

The film only experienced a limited release, and garnered bad reviews. Roger Ebert, in his review, expressed disappointment at the work, as he was already a fan of the early work of Nankin and Wechter. It ultimately grossed $2.9 million in the North American box office. However, the film achieved a small cult following after it began airing on the HBO cable network. After a 2001 DVD release from Anchor Bay Entertainment, Midnight Madness was re-released in 2004 by Disney DVD with the "Walt Disney Pictures Presents" logo—the first time that Disney has officially associated itself with the film.

[edit] Legacy

Midnight Madness has inspired many spin-offs and other Alternate Reality Games (ARG). Among some of the more popular recreations are:

  • Midnight Madness (Hot Springs, Arkansas) - Played every December
  • Midnight Madness (Austin, Texas) - The Austin game is played biannually and was created by several Austin transplants including, two veterans from the Hot Springs game.
  • Midnight Madness Brevard (Brevard County, Florida) - Played on a regular basis, with multiple games being held each year.
  • Midnight Madness VT (Greater Burlington, VT) - Runs multiple games per year. midnightmadnessvt on Facebook.
  • The Game - a non-stop 24-48 hour puzzle solving race that is currently active in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Seattle Area
  • Mike's Hunt, a 24-hour game played by the members of the Rutgers University Glee Club, has a heavy clue-solving component, with the clues leading to the development of a storyline in which the players become involved.
  • Get-a-Clue (Atlanta, Georgia) - Played annually by members of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket Marching Band and friends. Interactive and "nerdy" clues centering on a theme/storyline lead participants around the city and nearby counties.

[edit] In popular culture

  • Rap duo Heltah Skeltah sampled the film's theme for their song of the same name.
  • The stop motion animation program Robot Chicken (shown on Adult Swim) has featured brief homages to Midnight Madness, two in "Episode 1-10: Badunkadunk", and one in "Episode 2-6: 1987". In the first episode, two scenes from the film are reenacted, one where Leon reveals himself to the team leaders, another where Blue Team member Barf assembles the letters of a clue into the nonsense word "Fagabeefe". In the second, the chant of "Meat Machine" is reenacted.

IRA,IRA,IRA,.....

IRA.jpg
Tarn66Added by Tarn66
"There is no match to a man who wants to die for freedom. It's something that's drawn into you 'til the day you die."

- Skoti Collins, IRA descendant/historian

"You can not take a man's country and expect him to bow down. It's not going to happen, especially with an Irishman."

- Skoti Collins, IRA descendant/historian


The Irish Republican Army or IRA, who waged savage war against the British.

Vs... The Taliban, freedom fighters from the Middle-East... WHO IS DEADLIEST?!

In the Back for Blood, the IRA fought Spetsnaz. Irish Republican Army.jpg

Rick Ross

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Jump to: navigation, search
Rick Ross

Ross performing in 2011
Background information
Birth name William Leonard Roberts II[1]
Born January 28, 1976 (1976-01-28) (age 35)
Origin Carol City, Florida, U.S.
Genres Hip hop, Mafioso rap, pop
Occupations Rapper
Years active 2002–present[2]
Labels Maybach Music Group, Def Jam Recordings, Def Jam South
Associated acts Triple C's, DJ Khaled, Lil Wayne, Birdman, Jadakiss, T-Pain, Wale, Drake
Website teflondonross.com

William Leonard Roberts II (born January 28, 1976), better known by his stage name Rick Ross, is an American rapper. He derived his stage name from the drug trafficker "Freeway" Ricky Ross, to whom he has no connection (Ross even sued the rapper for $10 million for using his name). Ross founded the record label Maybach Music Group, on which he released his studio albums Deeper Than Rap and Teflon Don.

Contents

[hide]
  • 1 Early life
  • 2 Music career
    • 2.1 Port of Miami (2006)
    • 2.2 Trilla (2008)
    • 2.3 Deeper Than Rap (2009)
    • 2.4 Teflon Don and other works (2010–present)
  • 3 Personal life
    • 3.1 Correctional officer photos
    • 3.2 Legal issues
  • 4 Feud with 50 Cent
  • 5 Seizures
  • 6 Discography
    • 6.1 Solo albums
    • 6.2 Collaboration albums
    • 6.3 Compilation albums
  • 7 See also
  • 8 References
  • 9 External links

Early life

William Leonard Roberts II was born in Coahoma County, Mississippi.[1] and raised in Carol City, Florida, near Miami.[2] After graduating from Carol City Senior High School, he later attended the historically black college Albany State University on a football scholarship.[3]

Music career

After being signed to Suave House Records, former label for rap duo 8Ball & MJG, he eventually signed a deal with Slip-n-Slide Records, which has been under the Def Jam umbrella since 2006. While signed to Slip-n-Slide, Ross toured with fellow rapper Trick Daddy and made guest performances on other Slip-n-Slide albums.[2]

Port of Miami (2006)

His debut album Port of Miami was released in August 2006 and debuted at the top spot on the Billboard 200 album chart, with sales at 187,000 units after its first week.[4][5] Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone magazine predicted that it would be "the summer's biggest rap record".[6] The second single was "Push It", which samples "Scarface (Push It to the Limit)", the theme song off the gangster film Scarface.[7] The music video for "Push It" was modeled after the film.[8] During that time, Ross made guest performances on two singles from DJ Khaled's debut Listennn... the Album: "Born-N-Raised" and "Holla at Me". Port of Miami received Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America on November 8, 2006.

Trilla (2008)

In March 2008, his second album Trilla was released and, as its predecessor Port of Miami had, debuted at the top of the Billboard 200.[9] Its lead single "Speedin'" featuring R. Kelly peaked at #121 on the Billboard Hot 100; the next one, "The Boss" featuring T-Pain peaked at #17 on the Hot 100. The third single "Here I Am" featured Nelly and Avery Storm.[10] MTV News ranked Ross on the fourth spot in its 2008 "Hottest MCs In The Game" list among ten rappers.[11] The fourth single "This Is The Life" featured Trey Songz and was released in July.

Deeper Than Rap (2009)

"I look at the game and the business and all different aspects, it's a lot of great lyricists on the corner that will never properly understand the business and know how to market themselves and get in a position where they can gain capital. I look at all the strategies people use and what made them successful. What made Birdman just as relevant today after selling 50 million records? That intrigues me. To see the class of Jay-Z, his accomplishments and see how he sits backs and accurately makes his moves."[12]

A track from the album called "Valley of Death" was what stood out to MTV reporters. In the song, Ross speaks briefly on his controversial stint as a prison guard. "Keep it trilla, nigga, never had a gun and badge," which he stresses, leaving the word that he was indeed an officer of the law. "Kept a nice watch, smoking on a hundred sack/ Back in the day I sold crack for some nice kicks/ Skippin' school, I saw my friend stabbed with an ice pick/ Can't criticize niggas trying to get jobs/ Better get smart, young brother, live yours." Later, he implies that while he was working as a corrections officer, he was on the streets. "Only lived once and I got two kids/ And for me to feed them, I'll get two gigs," he raps. "I'll shovel shit, I'll C.O./ So we can bow our heads and pray over the meatloaf." Although, he still provided no explanation for lying about being a C.O. to begin with, nor did he explain why he failed to pay child support for his children.[13][14]

The cover of the May 2009 issue of XXL magazine, titled "Rick Ross Up in Smoke", featured Ross wearing a pair of Louis Vuitton sunglasses. After publication, a spokesperson for the luxury-goods maker contacted XXL to inform them that Ross was sporting fake sunglasses in the cover image.[15] It was later revealed that the rapper was wearing authentic Louis Vuitton sunglasses which were altered by Jacob Bernstein, known as "The Sunglass Pimp". Bernstein defended his customizations despite Louis Vuitton's insistence that such modification and resale of trademarked property is not legal.[16]

Teflon Don and other works (2010–present)

Rick Ross released his fourth studio album entitled Teflon Don, which was released on July 6, 2010. The lead is "Super High" featuring Ne-Yo. Actress Stacey Dash made an appearance in the music video. A second official single was released titled "Live Fast, Die Young" which features and is produced by Kanye West. The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200 selling 176,000 copies in its first week.

In November, 2010, rapper and frequent collabourator, Diddy announced from his YouTube account, that him and Ross are working on an EP together, which is going to be released in 2011. A single has been released for the project, called "Another One".[17] The song is produced by Lil' Lody.

Rick Ross has also announced the release of his next album, "God Forgives, I Don't", for December 13, 2011.[18]

Along with his music projects, Rick Ross was nominated by The Source as its "Man of the Year".[19]

Rick Ross performed at BET Awards 2011, which aired on June 26, 2011.[20] He also received a nomination for Best Male Hip Hop Artist.[21]

Personal life

Correctional officer photos

In July 2008, The Smoking Gun produced details linking Ross' social security number to an eighteen month stint as a correctional officer in a Florida prison facility, along with a photograph purporting to be Ross in his correctional officer uniform.[22] Ross initially denied that the photograph was of him;[23] after overwhelming evidence of his past came into the public's eye, Ross later admitted that he did work as a correctional officer in Florida during the early 90's.[24] In a 2008 interview with AllHipHop.com,[25] "Freeway" Ricky Ross, claimed offense that Roberts used his name and identity when he learned that The Smoking Gun posted documents revealing Roberts' previous employment as a Florida correctional officer.[26]

Legal issues

Mug shot of Rick Ross taken in 2008.

During a deposition of Officer Rey Hernandez, a Miami Beach cop who arrested Ross in January 2008 on gun and marijuana charges, Ross's lawyer, Allan Zamren, asked Hernandez why Ross’s case was assigned to the gang task force. The officer stated that it was because Ross claimed affiliation with Carol City Cartel and other known gang members. Zamren then pressed Hernandez for a personal link between Ross and the gang members, but ultimately one could not be established.[27]

In August 2008, YouTube entertainer DJ Vlad filed a lawsuit against Ross for assault. Vlad claimed Ross organized an ambush on him at the 2008 Ozone Awards in Houston, Texas for asking questions about his past as a correctional officer.[28]

On June 18, 2010, Freeway Ricky Ross sued Rick Ross for using his name.[29] Freeway Ricky Ross filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Ross in a California Federal Court.[29] Jay-Z had been called to testify in the lawsuit, as he was CEO of Def Jam when Ross was signed.[29] The reformed drug kingpin was looking for 10 million dollars in the lawsuit.[29] Also, the release of his album, Teflon Don, was threatened to be blocked by Freeway Ricky Ross. A week after the filing of the lawsuit, Rick Ross responded to the charges: "It’s like owning a restaurant, you’re gonna have a few slip and falls. You get lawsuits, you deal with them, and get them out your way…sometimes you lose."[30] He then denied rumours that he would change his name to "Ricky Rozay" as a consequence of the lawsuit. The lawsuit was thrown out of court on July 3, 2010[31] and his album, Teflon Don, was released on July 20 as scheduled.

Feud with 50 Cent

In January 2009, Ross started a feud with rapper 50 Cent because he supposedly looked at him the wrong way at the BET Awards. 50 Cent told news sources that he did not remember seeing Ross there.[32] In late January, "Mafia Music", by Ross, leaked onto the Internet. There were several lines that seemed to diss 50 Cent. Days later, 50 Cent released "Officer Ricky (Go Head, Try Me)" in response to Ross's disparaging remarks on his "Mafia Music" song.

Before going to Venezuela, 50 Cent uploaded a video entitled "Warning Shot," wherein he stated: "Rick Ross- I'mma **** your life up for fun." In addition, 50 Cent released the first of a series of "Officer Ricky" cartoons. Early in February, 50 Cent once again made a video which he uploaded to YouTube in which he interviewed "Tia", the mother of one of Ross's children. She verifies that he was a correctional officer and claims his whole persona is fake and fraudulent.[33] On Thursday, February 5, 2009, Game, who 50 Cent has a long-standing "beef" with, called up Seattle R&B station KUBE. When asked about the beef between 50 Cent and Ross, Game s ided with 50 Cent and said that things are not looking good for Ross. He offered to help, stating, "Rick Ross, holla at your boy, man," and, "50 eating you, boy."[34] On his album Deeper Than Rap, Ross references 50 Cent in the song "In Cold Blood". A video for the song was released that portrayed 50 Cent's mock funeral. Upon release, Ross stated that he has ended 50 Cent's career.[35] That same day Ross released a new diss track called "Push 'Em Over The Edge". The next day 50 Cent released the controversial video "A Psychic Told Me", dissing DJ Khaled. On February 12, 50 Cent responded with "Tia Told Me", along with Lloyd Banks' response "Officer Down" and Tony Yayo's "Somebody Snitched".

In an interview, 50 Cent said Ross is "Albert From CB4. You ever seen the movie? He's Albert," he added. "It never gets worse than this. You get a guy that was a correctional officer come out and base his entire career on writing material from a drug dealer's perspective."[36]

Seizures

On October 14, 2011 Rick Ross suffered two seizures in the same day, once in the morning and once again early evening. Following the morning seizure, he was unconscious and CPR was being performed. He did, however, post a video to his twitter account later in the day saying that he was OK.[37] Ross boarded another plane later in the day and suffered another seizure. On October 14, the University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital confirmed that Ross had been admitted to the emergency room. TMZ, who first reported the seizure, updated their story originally posted at 4:45 PST, stating that Ross was in stable condition.[38] No cause of either seizure has been determined yet.

Discography

Solo albums

  • 2006: Port of Miami
  • 2008: Trilla
  • 2009: Deeper Than Rap
  • 2010: Teflon Don
  • 2011: God Forgives, I Don't

Collaboration albums

  • 2009: Custom Cars & Cycles (with Triple C's)
  • 2011: Self Made Vol. 1 (with Maybach Music Group)
  • 2011: Bugatti Boyz (with Diddy)[39][40]
  • TBA: Self Made Vol. 2 (with Maybach Music Group)[41]

Compilation albums

  • 2007: Rise to Power

See also

  • List of Miami rappers

References

  1. ^ a b Birth certificate of William Roberts (Rick Ross) as scanned by The Smoking Gun
  2. ^ a b c Cordor, Cyril. "Rick Ross Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rick-ross-p736150/biography. Retrieved April 1, 2011. "During the early to mid-2000s, he became popular and well known locally through touring with Trick Daddy and guest-appearing on a few Slip-N-Slide releases, but didn't release any solo material until 2006."
  3. ^ Handelsman, Jason (January 10, 2008). "Rick Ross Spins a New One". Miami New Times. http://miaminewtimes.com/2008-01-10/music/rick-ross-spins-a-new-one/full. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  4. ^ Harris, Chris (August 16, 2006). "Rick Ross Sails Past Breaking Benjamin, Takes Port Of Miami To #1". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1538669/20060816/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  5. ^ "Port of Miami – Charts & Awards". Allmusic. 2006. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r847767.
  6. ^ Hoard, Christian (June 1, 2006). "Rick Ross, Miami's Latest Hip-Hop Phenom". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090402121857/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/10464338/a_primer_on_rick_ross_miamis_latest_hiphop_phenom.
  7. ^ Moss, Corey (July 18, 2006). "Rick Ross Ready to 'Blow' Up When He Docks At Port Of Miami In August". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1536628/20060718/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  8. ^ Reid, Shaheem (July 26, 2006). "A Newcomer 10 Years In The Making: Rick Ross Gets Help From Jay-Z, Akon On First LP". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1537187/20060726/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  9. ^ Reid, Shaheem (March 19, 2008). "Rick Ross On #1 Trilla Beating Out Snoop, Fat Joe: 'I Told Them We Bossin' Up'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1583694/20080319/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  10. ^ Reid, Shaheem (May 20, 2008). "Rick Ross Talks About Tiger Attack – Seriously! – On The Set Of His 'Here I Am' Video". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1587800/20080520/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
  11. ^ "'Hottest MCs In The Game': Rick Ross Bosses Up To #4". MTV News. May 16, 2008. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1587657/20080516/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  12. ^ Rick Ross Is 'Competing For The Throne' With Deeper Than Rap, mtv.com
  13. ^ Rick Ross Justifies Prison-Guard Past In New Track – Listen Here, mtv.com
  14. ^ Rick Ross' 'Valley Of Death' Was Intended For Jay-Z, mtv.com
  15. ^ Kaufman, Gil (May 12, 2009). "Rick Ross Called Out For Fake Louis Vuitton Sunglasses On XXL Cover". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1611166/20090512/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  16. ^ J.R. (May 15, 2009). "Rick Ross’ Louis Vuitton Rumor Slammed By The ‘Sunglass Pimp’". HipHopRX. http://www.hiphoprx.com/2009/05/15/rick-ross-louis-vuitton-rumor-slammed-by-the-sunglass-pimp/. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  17. ^ Roberts II, William L. (October 12, 2010). "Bugatti Boyz (Diddy & Rick Ross) – Another One". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dv24FRQ6JvI. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
  18. ^ "New Music: Rick Ross f/ Drake – ‘Made Men’". Rap-Up.com. http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/04/new-music-rick-ross-f-drake-made-men/. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  19. ^ Rick Ross Named The Source's Man Of The Year
  20. ^ "Rick Ross Performing at BET Awards 2011". http://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2011/performers/rick-ross.html.
  21. ^ "Best Male Hip Hop Artist". BET. http://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2011/nominees/best-male-hip-hop-artist.html. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  22. ^ Kuperstein, Slava (July 21, 2008). "Rick Ross Exposed By TheSmokingGun.com". HipHopDX.com. http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.7356/title.rick-ross-exposed-by-thesmokinggun-com.
  23. ^ Reid, Shaheem (July 22, 2008). "Rick Ross Reaffirms Gangster Past In New Freestyle, Despite Report That He Worked As Prison Guard". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591284/20080722/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
  24. ^ Burgess, Omar (October 7, 2008). "Rock Ross Admits Correctional Officer past". Hip Hop DX. http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.7847/title.rick-ross-admits-correctional-officer-past. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
  25. ^ Freeway Ricky Ross: Name Check – AllHipHop.com
  26. ^ Screw Rick Ross – TheSmokingGun.com
  27. ^ Guns "Rick Ross' Own Lawyer De-Values". February 10, 2009. http://highbridnation.com/2009/02/10/rick-ross-own-lawyer-de-values-his-gangsta/ Guns. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  28. ^ Kaufman, Gil (August 15, 2008). "DJ Vlad Files $4 Million Lawsuit Against Rick Ross Over Alleged Ozone Awards Beatdown". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1592890/20080815/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml.
  29. ^ a b c d Harling, Danielle. "Freeway Rick Ross files lawsuit". http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.11543/title.freeway-ricky-ross-files-lawsuit-against-rapper-rick-ross. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  30. ^ Johnson, Bill. "Freeway Ricky Ross’ Lawsuit Against Rick Ross Thrown Out". http://theurbandaily.com/gossip-news/billjohnson/freeway-ricky-ross-lawsuit-against-rick-ross-thrown-out/. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  31. ^ "How feud Started Rick Ross and 50 Cent". Vide.com. February 7, 2009. http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2009/01/50_cent_vs_rick_ross_video/. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  32. ^ HipHopDX.com – 50 Cent – Interviews Rick Ross' Baby Mama. HipHopDX.com. Accessed February 2, 2008.
  33. ^ Game Takes Sides In 50 Cent
  34. ^ Rick Ross Buries 50 Cent In 'Cold Blood'
  35. ^ 50 Cent Says Rick Ross Is ‘Gusto From CB4′, Laughs Off Ross’ Sales Predictions BallerStatus.com
  36. ^ "Rapper Rick Ross Unconscious After Seizure CPR Being Performed". TMZ.com. http://www.tmz.com/2011/10/14/rick-ross-passed-out-plane-emergency-landing/.
  37. ^ "Rick Ross -- Suffers Another Seizure on Private Jet". http://www.tmz.com/2011/10/14/rick-ross-second-seizure/. http://www.tmz.com/2011/10/14/rick-ross-second-seizure/.
  38. ^ Combs, Sean (October 11, 2010). "Bugatti boyz announcement". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lcV5J887w4. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
  39. ^ Combs, Sean (October 12, 2010). "Another one. coming soon". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMtmnSc6Qxc. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
  40. ^ http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.17134/title.rick-ross-talks-working-with-just-blaze-self-made-vol-2

External links

Bohemian Grove

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Bohemian Grove is a 2,700-acre (1,100 ha) campground located at 20601 Bohemian Avenue, in Monte Rio, California, belonging to a private San Francisco-based men's art club known as the Bohemian Club. In mid-July each year, Bohemian Grove hosts a two-week, three-weekend encampment of some of the most powerful men in the world.[1][2]

Coordinates: 38°28′05″N 123°00′10″W / 38.468091°N 123.002671°W / 38.468091; -123.002671

Summer, 1967 at Owls Nest Camp with two future U.S. presidents. Around the table, left to right: Preston Hotchkis, Ronald Reagan, Harvey Hancock (standing), Richard M. Nixon, Glenn Seaborg, Jack Sparks, (unidentified individual), (unidentified individual), and Edwin W. Pauley. Retrieved July 15, 2009.

Contents

[hide]
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 History
  • 3 Membership and operation
    • 3.1 Camp valets
    • 3.2 Facilities
  • 4 Symbolism and rituals
    • 4.1 Cremation of Care
    • 4.2 Grove Play
  • 5 Protests and controversies
    • 5.1 Infiltrations
    • 5.2 Women
    • 5.3 Logging
  • 6 Quotations
  • 7 See also
  • 8 References
  • 9 External links

[edit] Introduction

The Bohemian Club's all-male membership includes artists, particularly musicians, as well as many prominent business leaders, government officials (including many former U.S. presidents), senior media executives, and people of power.[3][4] Members may invite guests to the Grove although those guests are subject to a screening procedure. A guest's first glimpse of the Grove typically is during the "Spring Jinks" in June, preceding the main July encampment. Bohemian club members can schedule private day-use events at the Grove any time it is not being used for Club-wide purposes, and are allowed at these times to bring spouses, family and friends, though female and minor guests must be off the property by 9 or 10 p.m.[5]

After 40 years of membership the men earn "Old Guard" status, giving them reserved seating at the Grove's daily talks, as well as other perquisites.

The Club motto is "Weaving Spiders Come Not Here," which implies that outside concerns and business deals are to be left outside. When gathered in groups, Bohemians usually adhere to the injunction, though discussion of business often occurs between pairs of members.[2] Important political and business deals have been developed at the Grove.[5] The Grove is particularly famous for a Manhattan Project planning meeting that took place there in September 1942, which subsequently led to the atomic bomb. Those attending this meeting, apart from Ernest Lawrence and military officials, included the president of Harvard and representatives of Standard Oil and General Electric. Grove members take particular pride in this event and often relate the story to new attendees.[2]

[edit] History

In the 1870s, Henry "Harry" Edwards was an actor with the California Theatre Stock Company, a founding Bohemian and the head entomologist at the California Academy of Sciences.

The tradition of a summer encampment was established six years after the Bohemian Club was formed in 1872.[2] Henry "Harry" Edwards, a well-loved founding member, announced that he was relocating to New York City to further his career. On June 29, 1878, somewhat fewer than 100 Bohemians gathered in the Redwoods in Marin County near Taylorville (present-day Samuel P. Taylor State Park) for an evening sendoff party in Edwards' honor.[6] Freely flowing liquor and some Japanese lanterns put a glow on the festivities, and club members retired at a late hour to the modest comfort of blankets laid on the dense mat of Redwood needles. This festive gathering was repeated the next year without Edwards, and became the club's yearly encampment.[7] By 1882 the members of the Club camped together at various locations in both Marin and Sonoma County, including the present-day Muir Woods and a redwood grove that once stood near Duncans Mills, several miles down the Russian River from the current location. From 1893 Bohemians rented the current location, and in 1899 purchased it from Melvin Cyrus Meeker who had developed a successful logging operation in the area.[2] Gradually over the next decades, members of the Club purchased land surrounding the original location to the perimeter of the basin in which it resides.[2]

Writer and journalist William Henry Irwin said of the Grove,

You come upon it suddenly. One step and its glory is over you. There is no perspective; you cannot get far enough away from one of the trees to see it as a whole. There they stand, a world of height above you, their pinnacles hidden by their topmost fringes of branches or lost in the sky.[8]

Not long after the Club's establishment by newspaper journalists, it was commandeered by prominent San Francisco-based businessmen, who provided the financial resources necessary to acquire further land and facilities at the Grove. However, they still retained the "bohemians"—the artists and musicians—who continued to entertain international members and guests.[2]

[edit] Membership and operation

The Bohemian Club is a private club; only active members of the Club (known as "Bohos" or "Grovers"[9]) and their guests may visit the Grove. These guests have been known to include politicians and notable figures from countries outside the U.S.[2] Particularly during the midsummer encampment, the number of guests is strictly limited due to the small size of the facilities. Nevertheless, up to 2,900 members and guests have been reported as attending some of the annual encampments.[citation needed]

The membership list has included every Republican and some Democratic U.S. presidents since 1923, many cabinet officials, directors and CEOs of large corporations including major financial institutions. Major military contractors, oil companies, banks (including the Federal Reserve), utilities (including nuclear power) and national media (broadcast and print) have high-ranking officials as club members or guests.[10]

[edit] Camp valets

Camp valets are responsible for the operation of the individual camps. The "head" valets are akin to a general manager's position at a resort, club, restaurant, or hotel. Service staff include female workers whose presence at the Grove is limited to daylight hours and to central areas close to the main gate. Male workers may be housed at the Grove within the boundaries of the camp to which they are assigned or in peripheral service areas. High-status workers stay in small private quarters but most workers are housed in rustic bunkhouses.[2]

[edit] Facilities

The main encampment area consists of 160 acres (0.65 km2) of old-growth redwood trees over 1,000 years old, with some trees exceeding 300 feet (90 m) in height.[11]

The primary activities taking place at the Grove are varied and expansive entertainment, such as a grand main stage and a smaller, more intimate stage. Thus, the majority of common facilities are entertainment venues, interspersed among the giant redwoods.

A Bohemian tent in the 1900s, sheltering Porter Garnett, George Sterling and Jack London

There are also sleeping quarters, or "camps" scattered throughout the grove, of which it is reported there were a total of 118 as of 2007. These camps, which are frequently patrilineal, are the principal means through which high-level business and political contacts and friendships are formed.[2]

The pre-eminent camps are:[2][12]

  • Hill Billies (Big Business/Banking/Politics/Universities/Media/Texas Business);
  • Mandalay (Big Business/Defense Contractors/Politics/U.S. Presidents);
  • Cave Man (Think Tanks/Oil Companies/Banking/Defense Contractors/Universities/Media);
  • Stowaway (Rockefeller Family Members/Oil Companies/Banking/Think Tanks);
  • Uplifters (Corporate Executives/Big Business);
  • Owls Nest (U.S. Presidents/Military/Defense Contractors);
  • Hideaway (Foundations/Military/Defense Contractors);
  • Isle of Aves (Military/Defense Contractors);
  • Lost Angels (Banking/Defense Contractors/Media);
  • Silverado squatters (Big Business/Defense Contractors);
  • Sempervirens (California-based Corporations);
  • Hillside (Military—Joint Chiefs of Staff);
  • Idlewild (California-based Corporations)

The central spaces for recreation and entertainment are:

  • Grove Stage—an amphitheater with seating for 2,000 used primarily for the Grove Play production, on the last weekend of the midsummer encampment. The stage extends up the hillside, and is also home to the second largest outdoor pipe organ in the world.
  • Field Circle—a bowl-shaped amphitheater used for the mid-encampment "Low Jinks" musical comedy, for "Spring Jinks" in early June and for a variety of other performances.
  • Campfire Circle—has a campfire pit in the middle of the circle, surrounded by carved redwood log benches. Used for smaller performances in a more intimate setting.
  • Museum Stage—a semi-outdoor venue with a covered stage. Lectures and small ensemble performances.
  • Dining Circle—seating approximately 1,500 diners simultaneously.
  • Clubhouse—designed by Bernard Maybeck in 1903, completed in 1904 on a bluff overlooking the Russian River;[13] a multi-purpose dining, drinking and entertainment building; the site of the Manhattan Project planning meeting held in 1942.
  • The Owl Shrine and the Lake—an artificial lake in the middle of the grove, used for the noon-time concerts and also the venue of the Cremation of Care, that takes place on the first Saturday of the encampment. It is also the location of the 12:30 p.m. daily "Lakeside Talks." These significant informal talks (many on public policy issues) have been given over the years by entertainers, professors, astronauts, business leaders, cabinet officers, CIA directors, future presidents and former presidents;[14] these have been the subject of ongoing controversy, as the transcripts of these talks are rarely released to the public (though have been known to be used for such mundane purposes as reading for the lecturer's graduate students).

[edit] Symbolism and rituals

The Owl Shrine covered in moss, standing among trees behind a stage at one edge of a man-made pond

Since the founding of the club, the Bohemian Grove's mascot has been an owl, symbolizing knowledge. A 40-foot (12 m) hollow owl statue made of concrete over steel supports stands at the head of the lake in the Grove; this Owl Shrine was designed by sculptor and two-time club president Haig Patigian, and built in the 1920s.[15] Since 1929, the Owl Shrine has served as the backdrop of the yearly Cremation of Care ceremony.[2]

The Club's patron saint is John of Nepomuk, who legend says suffered death at the hands of a Bohemian monarch rather than disclose the confessional secrets of the queen. A large wood carving of St. John in cleric robes with his index finger over his lips stands at the shore of the lake in the Grove, symbolizing the secrecy kept by the Grove's attendees throughout its long history.[2]

[edit] Cremation of Care

Cremation of Care in 1907

The Cremation of Care ceremony was first conducted in the Bohemian Grove at the Midsummer encampment in 1881, devised by James F. Bowman with George T. Bromley playing the High Priest.[16] It was originally set up within the plot of the serious "High Jinks" dramatic performance on the first weekend of the summer encampment, after which the spirit of "Care", slain by the Jinks hero, was solemnly cremated. The ceremony served as a catharsis for pent-up high spirits, and "to present symbolically the salvation of the trees by the club..."[17] The Cremation of Care was separated from the Grove Play in 1913 and moved to the first night to become "an exorcising of the Demon to ensure the success of the ensuing two weeks."[18] The Grove Play was moved to the last weekend of the encampment.[19]

The ceremony takes place in front of the Owl Shrine, a 40-foot (12 m) hollow owl statue made of concrete over steel supports. The moss- and lichen-covered statue simulates a natural rock formation, yet holds electrical and audio equipment within it. For many years, a recording of the voice of club member Walter Cronkite was used as the voice of The Owl during the ceremony.[1] Music and pyrotechnics accompany the ritual for dramatic effect.

[edit] Grove Play

A dress rehearsal for the 1909 Grove Play, St. Patrick at Tara

Each year, a Grove Play is performed for one night during the final weekend of the summer encampment. The play is a large-scale musical theatrical production, written and composed by club members, involving some 300 people, including chorus, cast, stage crew and orchestra.[20] The first Grove Play was performed in 1902; during the war years 1943–1945 the stage was dark. In 1975, an observer estimated that the Grove Play cost between $20,000–30,000, an amount that would be as high as $122,000 in today's dollars.[20]

[edit] Protests and controversies

With its combination of wealth and power, Bohemian Grove's secrecy has been a target for protest for many years. The Bohemian Grove Action Network of Occidental, California organizes protests and has aided journalists who wish to penetrate the secrecy surrounding the encampment. Over the years, individuals have infiltrated the Grove then later published video and claimed accounts of the activities at Bohemian Grove.

[edit] Infiltrations

In the summer of 1989, Spy magazine writer Philip Weiss spent some seven days in the camp posing as a guest, which led to his November 1989 article "Inside Bohemian Grove".[1] He wrote about uninhibited behavior he witnessed: "You know you are inside the Bohemian Grove when you come down a trail in the woods and hear piano music from amid a group of tents and then round a bend to see a man with a beer in one hand and his penis in the other, urinating into the bushes. This is the most gloried-in ritual of the encampment, the freedom of powerful men to pee wherever they like..."[1] Weiss noticed "hundreds of cigars whose smokers had ignited them in defiance of the California Forest Service's posted warnings."[1]

On July 15, 2000, controversial paleoconservative filmmaker Alex Jones and his cameraman, Mike Hanson, walked into the Grove. With a hidden camera, Jones and Hanson were able to film the Cremation of Care ceremony. The footage was the centerpiece of Jones' documentary Dark Secrets: Inside Bohemian Grove.[21] Jones claimed that the Cremation of Care was an "ancient Canaanite, Luciferian, Babylon mystery religion ceremony," and that the owl statue was Moloch. The Grove and Jones' investigation were covered by Jon Ronson in Channel 4's four-part documentary, Secret Rulers of the World. Ronson documented his view of the ritual in his book, Them: Adventures With Extremists, writing "My lasting impression was of an all-pervading sense of immaturity: the Elvis impersonators, the pseudo-pagan spooky rituals, the heavy drinking. These people might have reached the apex of their professions but emotionally they seemed trapped in their college years."[22]

Also filmed for The Order of Death[23] was Jones' return to the entrance of the Bohemian Grove in 2005 where he filmed a protest organized by the Bohemian Grove Action Network that took place at the Grove's entrance on Bohemian Highway, only to discover a majority of the protesters engaging in an "occult counter-ritual" known as the Resurrection of Care, supposedly a counter-ritual against the Cremation of Care. Jones' narration for the film lambasted the protesters' actions and motivations from a religious standpoint. In 2005, Chris Jones (no relation) walked into the Grove when hired as an employee, and videotaped the Owl Shrine in daylight, even venturing inside the hollow statue.[24] He also got footage of effigies, the lakeside, and select camps; as well as stealing a membership list. Chris Jones said he was propositioned for sex several times by the Grovers. Chris Jones was subsequently sentenced to three years in state prison for a lewd act with minors. Alex Jones included Chris Jones' video in "The Order of Death".[25]

On January 19, 2002, 37-year-old Richard McCaslin was arrested after his nighttime infiltration of the Bohemian Grove, where he set several fires. He was heavily armed and wearing a skull mask and outfit with "Phantom Patriot" written across the chest.[26]

Actor/writer Harry Shearer (This Is Spinal Tap, Saturday Night Live, The Simpsons), who has attended at least one Bohemian Club event, wrote and directed The Teddy Bears' Picnic, a parody of Bohemian Grove mock pagan pageantry and drunken revelry.[27]

[edit] Women

Though no woman has ever been given full membership in the Bohemian Club, the four female honorary members were hostess Margaret Bowman, poet Ina Coolbrith (who served as librarian for the Club), actress Elizabeth Crocker Bowers and writer Sara Jane Lippincott.[19] Since Coolbrith's death in 1928, no other woman was made a member. These honorary members and other women guests have been allowed into the Bohemian "City Club" building and as daytime guests of the Grove, but not to the upper floors of the City Club nor as guests to the main summer encampment at the Grove.[19] Annual "Ladies' Jinks" were held at the Club especially for spouses and invited guests.[19]

In 1978 the Bohemian Club was charged with a discrimination lawsuit by the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing over its refusal to hire women employees. In January 1981 Judge Robert Kendall issued a decision supporting the practices of the Club, noting that club members at the Grove "urinate in the open without even the use of rudimentary toilet facilities" and that the presence of females would alter club members' behavior.[28] On October 17, 1981 the Department of Fair Employment and Housing countered the Kendall ruling by ordering the Club to begin recruiting and hiring women as employees.[29] In 1986 the Bohemian Club went to the California Supreme Court over the issue, arguing that their freedom of association was being harmed; the Court found against the Club and denied a review in 1987, forcing the Club to begin hiring female workers during the summer encampment at the Grove in Monte Rio.[30] This ruling became quoted as a legal precedent and was discussed during the 1995-1996 floor debate surrounding California Senate Bill SB 2110 (Maddy), a proposed bill concerning whether tax-exempt organizations (including fraternal clubs) should be exempt from the Unruh Civil Rights Act.[31]

[edit] Logging

Outside of the central camp area which is the site of the old-growth grove, but within the 2,712 acres (10.98 km2) owned by the Bohemian Club, logging activities have been underway since 1984. Approximately 11,000,000 board feet (26,000 m3) of lumber equivalents were removed from the surrounding redwood and Douglas fir forest from 1984 to 2007. In 2007, the Bohemian Club board filed application for a nonindustrial logging permit available to landowners with less than 2,500 acres (10 km2) of timberland, which would allow them to steadily increase their logging in the second-growth stands from 800,000 board feet (1,900 m3) per year to 1,700,000 board feet (4,000 m3) over the course of the 50-year permit.[32] The board had been advised by Tom Bonnicksen, a retired forestry professor with more than 35 years of experience in the field, that they should conduct group selection logging to reduce the risk of fire burning through the dense second-growth stands, damaging the old-growth forest the Club wants to protect. The Bohemian Club stated that an expansion of logging activities was needed to prevent fires, and that money made from the sale of the lumber would be used to stabilize access roads and to clear fire-promoting species like tanoaks and underbrush.[33] The California Department of Fish and Game, have instead recommended single-tree logging to preserve the habitats of murrelets and spotted owls in senescent trees. Philip Rundel, University of California, Berkeley professor of biology said that redwoods aren't very flammable and "This is clearly a logging project, not a project to reduce fire hazard".[32] Reed F. Noss, professor at the University of California, Davis, has written that fires within redwood forests do not need to be prevented, that young redwoods are adapted to regenerate well in the destruction left behind by the fires typical of the climate.[34]

After controversy raised by opponents of the harvesting plan, the club moved to clearly establish their qualification for the permit by offering 163 acres (0.66 km2) to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation in Missoula, Montana for a conservation easement. A further 56.75 acres (229,700 m2) were written off as not being available for commercial logging, bringing the total to 2,316 acres (9.37 km2) and thereby qualifying for the permit. Opponents and their lawyers interpret the relevant law as counting all timberland and not just that actually subject to the logging permit. They state that if the total of timberland is counted, 2,535.75 acres (10.2618 km2) are owned by the club, so the permit should not be granted.[32]

On March 10, 2011 Judge René A. Chouteau rejected the Non-Industrial Timber Management Plan (NTMP) that Cal-Fire had approved. The suit, brought by the Sierra Club and the Bohemian Redwood Rescue Club, sought to have the NTMP annulled. The ruling calls on the Bohemian Club to draft a new NTMP that offers alternatives to its proposed rate of logging. At present the Bohemian Club is not allowed to log any of its property.[35]

[edit] Quotations

  • "The Bohemian club! Did you say Bohemian club? That's where all those rich Republicans go up and stand naked against redwood trees right? I've never been to the Bohemian club but you oughta go. It'd be good for you. You'd get some fresh air."—President Bill Clinton to a heckler[36]
  • "The Bohemian Grove, that I attend from time to time—the Easterners and the others come there—but it is the most faggy goddamn thing you could ever imagine, that San Francisco crowd that goes in there; it's just terrible! I mean I won't shake hands with anybody from San Francisco."—President Richard M. Nixon on the Watergate tapes, Bohemian Club member starting in 1953.[14]
  • "If I were to choose the speech that gave me the most pleasure and satisfaction in my political career, it would be my Lakeside Speech at the Bohemian Grove in July 1967. Because this speech traditionally was off the record it received no publicity at the time. But in many important ways it marked the first milestone on my road to the presidency."—President Richard Nixon, Memoirs (1978).[14]

[edit] See also

  • Belizean Grove—Women's-only club in New York City modeled after the Bohemian Grove
  • List of Bohemian Club members
  • Pacific-Union Club—An elite San Francisco-based club whose membership interlinks with the Bohemian Club and Grove.
  • Rancheros visitadores—Annual meetings held in Santa Barbara in May.
  • The Family (club)—offshoot formed by ejected members of the Bohemian Club

[edit] References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e Philip Weiss, Masters of the Universe Go to Camp: Inside the Bohemian Grove. Spy Magazine, November 1989
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Peter Martin Phillips, A Relative Advantage: Sociology of the San Francisco Bohemian Club, 1994.
  3. ^ Wallace Turner. "At the Bohemian Club, men join, women serve", The New York Times, 12 January 1981
  4. ^ Inside Bohemian Grove from Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting Nov-Dec 1991
  5. ^ a b OC Weekly. August 31, 2006. Nick Schou. Bohemian Grove Exposes Itself!
  6. ^ Garnett, 1908, p. 6.
  7. ^ Garnett, 1908, p. 7.
  8. ^ Garnett, 1908, p. 8.
  9. ^ Sonoma County Free Press. CounterPunch. Alexander Cockburn. June 19, 2001. The Truth About The Bohemian Grove. Retrieved December 7, 2008
  10. ^ Sonoma County Free Press. Bohemian Grove Fact Sheet. Retrieved December 7, 2008
  11. ^ SF Gate. Bohemian Club's logging plan raises plenty of sawdust. Jane Kay, Chronicle Environment Writer. Thursday, July 12, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2008
  12. ^ Louis E. Gelwicks. The Camps: Facts, Artifacts and Fantasies 1979
  13. ^ Vernacular Language North. Bernard Maybeck. Bohemian Clubhouse. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  14. ^ a b c Domhoff, G. William, The Bohemian Grove and Other Retreats: A study in ruling class cohesiveness, Harper and Row, 1974.
  15. ^ Starr, Kevin (2002). The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195157974. http://books.google.com/books?id=9HnIh_auw9MC.
  16. ^ Garnett, 1908, p. 19.
  17. ^ Garnett, 1908, p. 25.
  18. ^ Ogden, Dunbar H.; Douglas McDermott, Robert Károly Sarlós (1990). Theatre West: Image and Impact. Rodopi. p. 36. ISBN 9051831250. http://books.google.com/books?id=Sq2QACDO08UC&pg=PA36.
  19. ^ a b c d Ogden, 1990, p. 36.
  20. ^ a b Domhoff, 1975, p. 10
  21. ^ Alex Jones. "Dark Secrets: Inside Bohemian Grove"
  22. ^ Ronson, Jon (2002). Them: Adventures with Extremists. Simon and Schuster. p. 321. ISBN 0743233212. http://books.google.com/books?id=Okg6WBbMjzQC&pg=PA321. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  23. ^ Alex Jones. "The Order of Death"
  24. ^ PrisonPlanet.com. Alex Jones and Paul Joseph Watson. "The Re-Infiltration of Bohemian Grove". January 17, 2006
  25. ^ Infowars.net. Steve Watson & Paul Watson. "2008 Bohemian Grove Guest List Obtained By 9/11 Truth Activists." July 21, 2008
  26. ^ Masked man enters, attacks Bohemian Grove:'Phantom' expected armed resistance, by Peter Fimrite, San Francisco Chronicle, January 24, 2002
  27. ^ New York Times. Movie Review. Dave Kehr. March 29, 2002. Teddy Bear's Picnic (2002)
  28. ^ New York Times. January 23, 1981. AP. AROUND THE NATION; Bohemian Club Is Upheld On Refusal to Hire Women.
  29. ^ New York Times. October 17, 1981. AP. AROUND THE NATION; Bohemian Club Ordered To Begin Hiring Women.
  30. ^ New York Times. July 8, 1987. Katherine Bishop. RETREAT MAY BE CLUB'S LAST WITHOUT WOMEN.
  31. ^ California State Senate. 1995-1996 Senate Bills. SB 2110
  32. ^ a b c Kay, Jane (July 6, 2009). "No retreat from uproar over Bohemian Club woods". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2009/07/06/MNUU18ICIV.DTL. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  33. ^ Henley, Patricia Lynn. Metroactive, July 4–10, 2007. "Timber! Bohemian Club's long-term logging plan draws fire." Retrieved on October 1, 2009.
  34. ^ Noss, Reed F.; Save-the-Redwoods League. The redwood forest: history, ecology, and conservation of the coast redwoods, p. 231. Island Press, 2000. ISBN 1559637269
  35. ^ Zito, Kelly (March 15, 2011). "Bohemian Club's 100-year logging permit revoked". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F03%2F14%2FMN0S1IB053.DTL. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  36. ^ Clinton Bohemian Club Heckler "Clinton makes 'naked' attack", CNN video, October 26, 2007
Bibliography
  • For a definitive look at the history of the Grove and the composition of Bohemian Club members and their social, business and political affiliations, updating Domhoff's book (below), see A Relative Advantage: Sociology of the San Francisco Bohemian Club by Peter Martin Phillips, current Professor of Sociology at Sonoma State University in California. Phillips attended events at the Grove and conducted scores of interviews with attendees in his research.
  • Domhoff, G. William, The Bohemian Grove and Other Retreats: A study in ruling class cohesiveness, Harper and Row, 1974.
  • Field, Charles K., The Cremation of Care, 1946, 1953
  • Fletcher, Robert H., The Annals of the Bohemian Club, Hicks-Judd, 1900
  • Garnett, Porter, The Bohemian Jinks: A Treatise, 1908
  • Hanson, Mike, Bohemian Grove: Cult Of Conspiracy, iUniverse Inc, 2004
  • Hodapp, Christopher; Alice Von Kannon (2008). Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 0470184086.
  • Hoover, Herbert, Memoirs, Vol 2: The Cabinet and the Presidency, Macmillan, 1952. Hoover was a prominent figure in the Grove's history and coined the phrase: "The Greatest Men's Party on Earth".
  • Hotaling, Richard M.; Wallace Arthur Sabin, George Sterling, Bohemian Club. The Twilight of Kings: A Masque of Democracy, the 16th Grove play (1918)
  • Ickes, Harold L., The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol 1. The First Thousand Days, 1933–36. Simon and Schuster, 1953. Ickes was Secretary of the Interior during the New Deal.
  • Isaacson, Walter, Kissinger: A Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, (updated) 2005. Contains a brief reference to his attendance at the Grove and fame for his performances in various skits.
  • Maupin, Armistead, Significant Others, Chatto and Windus, 1988. A fictionalized account of the grove, as described from the point of view of one of the major characters in the fifth of the 'Tales of the City' series. Sympathetic and well informed, it includes an accurate description of the Cremation of Care ceremony.
  • McCartney, Laton, Friends in High Places: The Bechtel Story: The Most Secret Corporation and how It Engineered the World, Ballantine Books, Updated edition,1989. For the network of links between the Californian-based and privately-owned Bechtel Corporation and members of Reagan's Cabinet, along with their camp membership in the Grove.
  • Nader, Ralph, The Big Boys, Pantheon, 1987. Contains a chapter on high-level businessmen and the tightly-held secrecy of their Club membership.
  • Nixon, Richard, RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.
  • Quigley, Carroll, Tragedy And Hope: A History of the World in Our Time, G. S. G. & Associates, Incorporated, 1975. This book serves as the basis for many current conspiracy theories and studies of socio-economic elites.
  • Santilli, Armand, The Boys at Bohemian Grove, Xlibris Corporation, 2004
  • Schmidt, Helmut, Men and Powers : A Political Retrospective, Random House, 1990. He states in his memoirs that Germany had similar institutions, some of which included such rituals as Cremation of Care, but that his favorite was the Bohemian Grove.
  • Shultz, George P., Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power and the Victory of the American Ideal, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.
  • Stephens, Henry Morse; Wallace Arthur Sabin, Charles Caldwell Dobie, Bohemian Club. St. Patrick at Tara, 1909 Grove play
  • van der Zee, John, Power at Ease: Inside the Greatest Men's Party on Earth, Harcourt Brace Javonovich, 1974. The author waited tables at the Grove in the summer of 1972. The book has a comprehensive history of the Grove and an extensive bibliography.
  • Warren, Earl, The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren , Madison Books, 2001. A frequent attendee, Warren mentions the Grove in his reminiscences.
  • Watson, Thomas J. Jr., & Peter Petre, Father, Son & Co. : My Life at IBM and Beyond, Bantam, 2000. An IBM CEO gives an insider's business perspective on the Grove.

[edit] External links

  • An Elite Alliance March 2006, article on former NASA head and current LSU Chancellor Sean O'Keefe's participation in the Bohemian Grove.
  • Images of Bohemian Grove, ca. 1906-1909, The Bancroft Library
  • Old Bohemia, New Bohemia Compares Bohemian Grove and Burning Man, Forbes Magazine.
  • National Review. September 11, 1995. William F. Buckley, Jr. On The Right. Newt Draws Fire. Rebuts stories of men running around naked at the Grove.
  • Save Bohemian Grove The website of the group that brought suit against the Grove for its logging practices.

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